Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier

 Line engraving by Louis Jean Desire Delaistre, after a design by Julien Leopold Boilly

 Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier by Jules Dalou 1866

Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (also Antoine Lavoisier after the French Revolution; French: [ɑ̃twan lɔʁɑ̃ də lavwazje]; 26 August 1743 – 8 May 1794)[1] was a French nobleman and chemist who was central to the 18th-century chemical revolution and who had a large influence on both the history of chemistry and the history of biology.[2] He is widely considered in popular literature as the "father of modern chemistry".[3][4]


Born
26 August 1743
Paris, France
Died
8 May 1794 (aged 50)
Paris, France
Cause of death
Execution by guillotine
Resting place
Picpus Cemetery
Alma mater
Collège des Quatre-Nations, University of Paris
Known for
Combustion
Identified oxygen
Identified hydrogen
Stoichiometry
Scientific career
Fields
Biologist, chemist
Notable students
Éleuthère Irénée du Pont
Influences
Guillaume-François Rouelle, Étienne Condillac
Signature
Antoine Lavoisier Signature.svg


It is generally accepted that Lavoisier's great accomplishments in chemistry largely stem from his changing the science from a qualitative to a quantitative one. Lavoisier is most noted for his discovery of the role oxygen plays in combustion. He recognized and named oxygen (1778) and hydrogen (1783) and opposed the phlogiston theory. Lavoisier helped construct the metric system, wrote the first extensive list of elements, and helped to reform chemical nomenclature. He predicted the existence of silicon (1787)[5] and was also the first to establish that sulfur was an element (1777) rather than a compound.[6] He discovered that, although matter may change its form or shape, its mass always remains the same.

Lavoisier was a powerful member of a number of aristocratic councils, and an administrator of the Ferme générale. The Ferme générale was one of the most hated components of the Ancien Régime because of the profits it took at the expense of the state, the secrecy of the terms of its contracts, and the violence of its armed agents.[7] All of these political and economic activities enabled him to fund his scientific research. At the height of the French Revolution, he was charged with tax fraud and selling adulterated tobacco, and was guillotined.

Simple living and Higher thinking

SIMPLE LIVING AND HIGHER THINKING

I am Scout and

I am Saket kumar, I am a Scout. I  and my Scout team won the parade in forbesganj 'Marketing yard' on 15 August. And S.D.M. Honored me with an award.

Countdown for PSLV C-42 launch starts, two satellites go up Sunday night

ISRO's PSLV-C42 carrying two earth observing satellites, NovaSAR and S1-4 of Surrey Satellite Technology Limited (SSTL), UK, ready to be launched from Sathish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, on Saturday, Sept. 15, 2018.
The countdown for the launch of PSLV-C42 started on Saturday at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. The full-fledged commercial launch, for an independent company within the Airbus group, is scheduled for Sunday night.
Isro said that countdown started today at 01:08 pm (IST) for the launch of PSLV-C42 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota near Chennai.
The rocket will carry two foreign satellites, NovaSAR & S1-4, which are set to be launched into a 583-km Sun synchronous orbit tomorrow at 10.08 p.m. (IST). The launch is for two international customer satellites of Surrey Satellite Technology Limited (SSTL), United Kingdom.
Isro will be launching PSLV-C42 mission in its core alone configuration.
Antrix Corporation Limited, the commercial arm of the Isro has been contracted by SSTL for launching their two satellites, namely, NovaSAR and S1-4.
ALSO READ: Isro working on smaller satellite launch vehicles with up to 700 kg payload
In 2009 Airbus bought a majority shareholding from the University of Surrey, allowing SSTL to fulfil its growth potential.  SSTL is an independent company within Airbus.
These satellites would together weigh nearly 889 kg. Another is that SSTL is part of Airbus. In the following link, where it mentions about the company, it is written:
The rocket will take off from the First Launch Pad of the Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR, Sriharikota. Both the satellites are planned to be launched by PSLV-C42 into a 583 kms Sun Synchronous Orbit.
NovaSAR with S-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is a small satellite intended for forest mapping, land use and ice cover monitoring, flood and disaster monitoring, Ship detection and Maritime monitoring.
ISRO's PSLV-C42 carrying two earth observing satellites, NovaSAR and S1-4 of Surrey Satellite Technology Limited (SSTL), UK, ready to be launched from Sathish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, on Saturday, Sept. 15, 2018.
S1-4 is a high resolution Optical Earth Observation Satellite used for surveying resources, environment monitoring, urban management and disaster monitoring.
Antrix Chairman-cum-Managing Director Rakesh Sashibhusan recently told Business Standard the percentage share of Indian commercial offerings is very low compared to the total business volume in the sector across the world, which is at around $357 billion.
"This is a huge market and if you are able to position a particular launch vehicle with appropriate pricing in the market, you can definitely capture a percentage share of it," he said.
Antrix is eyeing atleast 10 per cent of this market, it is a huge amount. With the kind of capacities that Isro is planning, probably the Organisation should be able generate Rs 15-20 billion from the small satellite launch services alone, he said.
ALSO READ: Isro gears up for a full fledged commercial launch on September 16
Today India's position in global Rs 8.5 trillion satellite market is around 7.2 per cent, while in the Rs 357 billion launch services market its share is one per cent. Till now, Isro has launched 237 satellites for 28 countries.
In addition to that the Isro's big launch vehicles, when they go into production mode, including PSLV which Isro is actively pursuing the industry for production, and the launch revenue will still go up and we can increase our market share
On April 23, 2007, the space agency had for the first time launched a rocket solely for commercial purpose. 
Its PSLV-CA carried Italy's astronomical satellite AGILE as the main payload. Thereafter, on July 10, 2015, Isro achieved another milestone when it carried out the heaviest commercial mission successfully as its PSLV-XL lifted off with five UK satellites together weighing 1,439 kg.

ISRO PSLV C42 Mission

Sep 16, 2018
PSLV-C42 Mission
PSLV-C42 Successfully Launches two foreign satellites from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), SHAR, Sriharikota on September 16, 2018. This mission was designed to launch two earth observation satellites, NovaSAR and S1-4 (together weighing nearly 889 kg) of M/s Surrey Satellite Technologies Limited (SSTL), United Kingdom under commercial arrangement with Antrix Corporation Limited, Department of Space. Both satellites were injected into 583 km Sun Synchronous Orbit.
NovaSAR is a S-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar satellite intended for forest mapping, land use & ice cover monitoring, flood & disaster monitoring.
S1-4 is a high resolution Optical Earth Observation Satellite, used for surveying resources, environment monitoring, urban management and for the disaster monitoring.

Albert Einstein

Born
14 March 1879
Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, German Empire
Died
18 April 1955 (aged 76)
Princeton, New Jersey, US
Residence
Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Austria (present-day Czech Republic), Belgium, United States
Citizenship
Subject of the Kingdom of Württemberg during the German Empire (1879–1896)[note 1]
Stateless (1896–1901)
Citizen of Switzerland (1901–1955)
Austrian subject of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1911–1912)
Subject of the Kingdom of Prussia during the German Empire (1914–1918)[note 1]
German citizen of the Free State of Prussia (Weimar Republic, 1918–1933)
Citizen of the United States (1940–1955)
Education
Swiss Federal Polytechnic (1896–1900; B.A., 1900)
University of Zurich (Ph.D., 1905)
Known for
General relativity
Special relativity
Photoelectric effect
E=mc2 (Mass–energy equivalence)
E=hf (Planck–Einstein relation)
Theory of Brownian motion
Einstein field equations
Bose–Einstein statistics
Bose–Einstein condensate
Gravitational wave
Cosmological constant
Unified field theory
EPR paradox
Ensemble interpretation
List of other concepts
Spouse(s)
Mileva Marić
(m. 1903; div. 1919)
Elsa Löwenthal
(m. 1919; d. 1936)[1][2]
Children
"Lieserl" Einstein
Hans Albert Einstein
Eduard "Tete" Einstein
Awards
Barnard Medal (1920)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1921)
Matteucci Medal (1921)
ForMemRS (1921)[3]
Copley Medal (1925)[3]
Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1926)
Max Planck Medal (1929)
Time Person of the Century (1999)
Scientific career
Fields
Physics, philosophy
Institutions
Swiss Patent Office (Bern) (1902–1909)
University of Bern (1908–1909)
University of Zurich (1909–1911)
Charles University in Prague (1911–1912)
ETH Zurich (1912–1914)
Prussian Academy of Sciences (1914–1933)
Humboldt University of Berlin (1914–1933)
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (director, 1917–1933)
German Physical Society (president, 1916–1918)
Leiden University (visits, 1920)
Institute for Advanced Study (1933–1955)
Caltech (visits, 1931–1933)
University of Oxford (visits, 1931–1933)
Thesis
Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen (A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions) (1905)
Doctoral advisor
Alfred Kleiner
Other academic advisors
Heinrich Friedrich Weber
Influenced
Ernst G. Straus
Nathan Rosen
Leó Szilárd
Signature
Albert Einstein signature 1934.svg
Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. This led him to develop his special theory of relativity during his time at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern (1902–1909), Switzerland. However, he realized that the principle of relativity could also be extended to gravitational fields, and he published a paper on general relativity in 1916 with his theory of gravitation. He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties of light which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In 1917, he applied the general theory of relativity to model the structure of the universe.[11][12]

Einstein lived in Switzerland between 1895 and 1914, except for one year in Prague, and he received his academic diploma from the Swiss federal polytechnic school (later the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH) in Zürich in 1900. He acquired Swiss citizenship in 1901, which he kept for the rest of his life after being stateless for more than five years. In 1905, he was awarded a PhD by the University of Zurich. The same year, he published four groundbreaking papers during his renowned annus mirabilis (miracle year) which brought him to the notice of the academic world at the age of 26. Einstein taught theoretical physics at Zurich between 1912 and 1914 before he left for Berlin, where he was elected to the Prussian Academy of Sciences.

In 1933, while Einstein was visiting the United States, Adolf Hitler came to power. Because of his Jewish background, Einstein did not return to Germany.[13] He settled in the United States and became an American citizen in 1940.[14] On the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him to the potential development of "extremely powerful bombs of a new type" and recommending that the US begin similar research. This eventually led to the Manhattan Project. Einstein supported the Allied forces, but he generally denounced the idea of using nuclear fission as a weapon. He signed the Russell–Einstein Manifesto with British philosopher Bertrand Russell, which highlighted the danger of nuclear weapons. He was affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, until his death in 1955.

Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers and more than 150 non-scientific works.[11][15] His intellectual achievements and originality have made the word "Einstein" synonymous with "genius".[16] Eugene Wigner wrote of Einstein in comparison to his contemporaries that "Einstein's understanding was deeper even than Jancsi von Neumann's. His mind was both more penetrating and more original than von Neumann's. And that is a very remarkable statement."[17]

Current news

India and France have signed agreement to collaborate for ISRO’s first human space mission Gaganyaan to be launched in 2022. Both countries have also announced working group for Gaganyaan. The announcement was made at sixth edition of Bengaluru Space Expo (touted to be largest space conference in Asia and held in Bengaluru). So far, French-Indian space cooperation was in the domain of climate monitoring, with fleet of joint satellites devoted to research and operational applications.

Key Facts
Under this agreement, ISRO and French space agency CNES will form working group to exchange expertise in fields of astronaut life support, radiation protection, space debris protection and personal hygiene systems among others. CNES will be sharing its expertise acquired from France first human spaceflights of Thomas Pesquet’s Proxima mission in November 2016, when European Space Agency’s (ESA) astronaut Pesquet was on six-month mission at International Space Station (ISS). Pesquet had conducted 50 scientific experiments for CNES and ESA.

It is also envisioned that French space training infrastructure such as CADMOS centre for development of microgravity applications and space operations or MEDES space clinic will be used for training of future Indian astronauts, as well as exchange of specialist personnel. The partnership between CNES and ISRO will also allow French space agency to learn from India’s developments in the field of crew transport.

Gaganyaan Mission
It will be India’s first manned space mission. Under it, India is planning to send three humans (Gaganyatris) into space by 2022 for period of five to seven days. The mission was announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his 72nd Independence Day speech. It will make India fourth nation in the world after USA, Russia and China to launch a human spaceflight mission. The crew of three astronauts will conduct experiments on microgravity in space. They will be selected jointly by Indian Air Force (IAF) and ISRO after which they will undergo training for two-three years. GSLV Mk-III launch vehicle, having necessary payload capability will be used to launch Gaganyaan.

Saket Kumar

SAKET KUMAR